| Plagiarism
and Fabrication at The New York Times, The
USA Today, The Washington Post . . .
A
number of recent books have detailed the shocking journalistic
misdeeds at top newspapers in the US. After the Jayson
Blair fiasco at the New York Times, heads rolled
at the very top of the chain of command when investigations
revealed that the problems went much deeper than just one
journalist's infractions. Journalists caught in the act of
plagiarizing generally blame deadline pressures, writer's
block, inadvertent mistakes, everybody else who's
doing it, and other such shabby excuses for their sub-par
journalism.
And
reporters and editors generally tend to "hush-hush"
cases of language lifting, preferring to sweep the dirt under
the carpet rather than to publicly air their dirty laundry.
Unless you happen to be an unfortunate "golden boy"
journalist such as Jack Kelley working
for USA Today. This unlucky reporter's own colleagues,
jealous of Kelley's rise to journalistic stardom, began keeping
files on their unsuspecting co-worker and revealed a number
of articles which had either been plagiarized from other sources
or fabricated entirely. That was the end of Kelley's career
with USA Today. And many other journalists' careers
have been blighted by charges of plagiarism or other serious
lapses in journalistic integrity.
Take,
for example, the case of "Rathergate" or "Memogate"
as it has been called, a reference during the 2004 US presidential
campaign to the supposedly original memo detailing George
W. Bush's delinquency in his National Guard duty. Internet
bloggers were the ones to point out the superscript "th"
which gave the document away as a forgery. Dan Rather resigned
shortly after this story, not necessarily as a direct
result, and the reputation of CBS as an unbiased news outlet
was called into question. More recently, not being able to
verify their sources, Newseek retracted an inflammatory
story with at least a partial basis in truth which claimed
the Quran had been flushed down the toilet at Guantanamo
Bay by U.S. prison guards. There was some evidence indicating
possible "mishandling" of the Quran at Guantanamo,
but no specific evidence to indicate that the book of Islam
had actually been flushed.
This
sort of fabrication and fudging of the data happens in other
genres of discourse as well, and is just as serious a form
of fraud whether it happens in a medical
journal, a master's thesis,
a college's re-accreditation application,
a genetic engineering
periodical, an opinion article,
a palaeontology journal,
a commencement speech, a
Sunday sermon,
a "sacred"
text, or on the front pages of the USA
Today and the New York Times.
Integrity
and honesty are such important, unquantifiable assets! Especially
when the public comes to trust a media source as being a reliable
and accurate source of information. Suspicion lingers when
this trust-factor is compromised, and to re-cultivate a positive
public image, a journalistic corporation must sacrifice an
individual who in some cases is nothing more than a corporate
scape-goat. The Famous Plagiarists in this space
may have committed the "A-number-one-sin-of-journalism",
but one really has to wonder how many other journalists are
engaging in regular patters of appropriation and how far up
the editorial chain of command such practices are condoned
and "winked" at--so long as a scandal doesn't erupt.
Things have definitely changed in many newsrooms and in general
journalistic practice since the Blair and Kelley brouhahas.
And this is all for the better--good for journalism, good
for readers.
...
...
Profiles
in Plagiarism: Journalism
________________________________________________________________________________
|
| Nada
Behziz
|
|
| Profile: |
JOUR-2005-NB/BC |
| Name:
|
|
War
on
Plagiarism
Threat Level: |
    
Red: Severe Risk
|
| Occupation: |
Formerly
a reporter/health writer with the Bakersfield
Californian; has also worked previously as a
staff reporter with the Daily Republic
|
| Allegations: |
"could
be the worst case of plagiarism since Jayson Blair"
("California Paper Reports Finding Mass Plagiarism,
regrettheerror.com);
Plagiarism and fabrication in stories written for
the Bakersfield Californian; An investigation
by the paper would substantiate these allegations,
finding "a widespread pattern, not an isolated
incident . . . the problems we discovered are significant,
not trivial" (Executive Editor, Mike Jenner as
a preface to G. Wenner's "A California Reporter's
Web of Deceit"); "Behziz . . . frequently
plagiarized--presenting other reporters' work as her
own . . . invented sources and then attributed plagiarized
quotes to them" (Wenner, G.)
|
| Results: |
Behziz was
fired from her position with the Bakersfield Californian;
"This is a witch hunt. Too bad your news organization
is not this vigilant in pursuing true wrondoers"
(Behziz in an email to her former employer)
|
| Known
for: |
A journalism
career with California papers such as the Bakersfield
Californian and the Daily Republic; "A
journalism degree from San Francisco State University
. . . prestigious awards . . . several years worth of
real-world experience and an internship at the respected
Center for Investigative Reporting" (Wenner, G.)
|
| Overview: |
Jayson
Blair's Pacific Coast protégée!
Another journalist's career has come to a screeching
halt as a result of plagiarism and fabrication in articles
written for the Bakersfield Californian.
The Bakersfield Californian evidently overlooked
an earlier indicator that their reporter Nada Behziz
might have been guilty of "sloppy journalism"
("Newspaper Investigates Plagiarism Allegations"),
as indeed Behziz admitted in her own version of explaining
her apparent plagiarism and fabrication (Pugh, M.J.
"DR Uncovers Plagiarism in Former Reporter's Work").
A letter from a reader, Dr. Girish Patel, should have
alerted the popular newspaper that something fishy was
going on with their newly hired reporter as early as
April 2005 (Wenner, G. with S. Ruby and J. Burger. "Paper
Overlooked Plagiarism Warning").
In a subsequent investigation of Behziz's reporting
with the Bakersfield Californian, it was found
that she had lifted text from sources such as the New
York Times, and that she had fabricated and/or
falsified/plagiarized quotations as if she had interviewed
people when she actually had not conducted such interviews.
The Bakersfield Californian reported that these
incidents represented "a widespread pattern, not
an isolated incident . . . the problems we discovered
are significant, not trivial" (Wenner, G. "A
California Reporter's Web of Deceit" Bakersfield
Californian).
Yet another course in Journalism Ethics 101 for both
reporters and newspaper administrators. Given the earlier
indicators of Behziz's sub-par journalism, the claim
by the executive editor of The Bakersfield Californian
that the news of Behziz's plagiarism and fabrication
"hit this newsroom like a lightning bolt"
would seem to be somewhat inaccurate.
Perhaps Mike Jenner meant to say that "the
fallout and resulting publicity from this case hit
this newsroom like a lightning bolt".
Act surprised, now! Feign some editorial pain here so
as to re-assure readers of your full intention to "take
deliberate steps to protect [y]our readers' trust"!
This will never happen again, of course. Of course .
. .
References
End
Profile JOUR-2005-NB/BC
|
...
...
________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Jayson
Blair
|
|
| Profile: |
JOUR-2003-JB/NYTIMES |
| Name:
|
|
| War
on Plagiarism Threat Level: |
Red: Severe Risk
|
| Occupation: |
Formerly
a reporter with the New York Times, now President
of Azure Entertainment, book author, and occasional
invited guest speaker to lecture to journalism students
on professional ethics
|
| Allegations: |
Plagiarism
and fabrication in high-profile, feature stories in
nearly 40 articles from October 2002 to April 2003
|
| Results: |
Public confidence
in journalism fell to a new low; heads rolled at the
top of the NYT's editorial chain of command; Blair
was fired from his position and went on to write a
book about his experience, Burning Down My Master's
House: My Life at the New York Times [currently
out of print due to New Millenium Press bankruptcy];
Blair claimed to be a "racial pawn" and,
indeed, the premises underlying Affirmative Action
came under much scrutiny, fellow African-Americans
suggesting (fairly or unfairly) that Blair had done
much to set back progress which has been made in minority
achievements
|
| Known
for: |
Scandalous
reporting practices at the New York Times
|
| Overview: |
He
turned the New York Times upside down! And
then Jayson Blair went out and wrote a book about it,
Burning Down My Masters’ House: My Life at
the New York Times.
In one of the most shocking journalistic scandals ever,
a young African-American reporter with the New York
Times was found to have gone on a four year "binge
of fabrication and plagiarism while assigned to the
highest-profile national stories of the moment"
(Editor and Publisher, unsigned editorial).
Any satisfaction
that editors at the Times might have secretly
harbored at seeing the USA Today's
reporting scandal caused by the plagiaristic antics
of Jack Kelley in 2004 was forestalled in early 2003
as the Times editors found themselves on the
hotseat for tolerating more than a fair share of anonymous
source reporting, the "root of evil in journalism"
according to founder of USA Today Al Neuharth.
At the Times, this evil root seemed to
be more like an underground forest.
The stories
which Blair wrote up for the Times contained
some of the most incredible instances of fabrication
and plagiarism ever in the history of journalistic practice--tobacco
fields which didn't exist, preposterious suggestions
as to the identity of the Washington sniper. These sorts
of fabulous concoctions were made not on the scene of
the events as they unfolded--on the beat so to speak--but
in the comfort of Blair's New York City apartment
or office where he simply lifted the language and facts
from other newspapers, or worse yet, entirely concocted
important details for front-page articles of the New
York Times !
Blair blamed
substance abuse and bipolar disorder for his actions,
and he also claimed to have been a "racial pawn".
But there seems to have been serious problems with the
"system" as well at the New York Times,
the way in which reporters were allowed to write stories
without editorial verification of sources and background
information, and without editors heeding warnings/indications
that there were serious problems with Blair's stories.
These problems
resulted both in the Executive Editor Howell Raines
and Managing Editor Gerald Boyd quitting their jobs
with the Times, and newspapers across the nation
closely scrutinized their reporting practices as the
dust settled.
The
public distrust of media outlets, as national newspaper
publishers well know, is not something to take for granted.
The Jayson Blair ordeal marked a new era in journalism
as the profession sought to rein in anonymous source
reporting and create a system of greater accountability
in news reporting. As a result of Blairs misdeeds at
the Times, j ournalistic events are now categorized
as occurring either pre- or post-Jayson Blair.
In a post-Jayson Blair world, editors don't take for
granted anymore that their correspondents have actually
written their own stories--as opposed to plagiarizing,
concocting, or otherwise fabricating them while on the
journalism beat. And they're checking receipts more
carefully to be sure that reporters have actually been
in whatever locale for enough time to justify the dateline.
More than just a few hours doesn't cut it anymore, as
Rick Bragg found out from a drive-by-journalism
incident in Apalachicola, Florida. It's a post-Jayson
Blair world, and things have changed.
  
References
End Profile JOUR-2003-JB/NYTIMES
|
...
...
________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Rick
Bragg
|
|
| Profile: |
JOUR-2003-RB |
| Name:
|
|
War
on
Plagiarism
Threat Level: |
|
| Occupation: |
Bestselling
author and journalist
|
| Allegations: |
"Drive
by journalism" (Howard Kurtz) and use of an intern's
reporting without acknowledgement
|
| Results: |
Resigned
from the New York Times; "Ripple effect"
(Terence Smith) felt in newsrooms across the US as
part of the continuing aftershocks from the Jayson
Blair affair
|
| Known
for: |
Bestselling
books All Over But the Shoutin' and Ava's
Man; Pulitzer Prize recipient
|
| Overview: |
In
a post-Jayson Blair world of journalism,
the aftershocks are still being felt as newsrooms grapple
with the reality of the public's distrust of the media.
In a panel interview with Greg Mitchell, Julia Wallace,
John Temple, and Marvin Kalb, Terence Smith observed
that public perceptions of media truthfulness were at
an all time low as indicated by a USA Today/CNN/Gallup
Poll. According to this poll, 62 percent of respondents
felt that the media is "often inaccurate"
and only 36 percent felt that the news media gets the
facts right.
Even a well-regarded Pulitzer Prize winning correspondent
has felt the heat following the Jayson
Blair ordeal at the New York Times.
Rick Bragg was suspended for two weeks following
a reporting stint involving extensive use of an intern's
work. J. Wes Yoder did most of the leg work and Bragg
simply made a one day stop in Florida to get a dateline
for the story before publication. Such extensive use
of interns, stringers, and free lance writers work has
been referred to as "drive by journalism".
A well known, high profile correspondent makes a quick
stop in the locale of an important story just to be
able to say he had been there, but all of the footwork
has already been done by the interns and "stringers"
who rarely get a byline for their contributions. Gas
and lunch money is about all they can count on beyond
a pittance of remuneration from their drive by superiors.
Aggressively defending his jobbing out of the reporting
to Yoder, Rick Bragg didn't go down quietly. Rather,
he insisted that what he had done was par for the course,
common practice and routine among journalists. As Greg
Mitchell observed, "I think one of the most shocking
revelations in the story was that Bragg said this was
routine for him, he claimed it's routine for many people
at The New York Times, and it's routine in
the industry."
Other reporters backed up Bragg's assertions. For example,
Times freelancer Lisa Suhay thought Bragg was
"being punished for what I as a freelancer, have
seen in four years as common practice . . It was simply
understood that I got paid to be invisible, a nonentity"
(Howard Kurtz in the Washington Post).
Bragg's aggressive defense, particularly his trenchant
observation that the Times fostered a "poisonous
atmosphere" for news reporting, cut deeply after
the wounds already inflicted by plagiarism and fabrication
á la Jayson Blair. Gregg Mitchell discussed the
profound "ripple effect" in newsrooms across
the US and the tightening up of journalistic standards.
Editors everywhere warned their staff, "It can
happen here" and "trust, but verify."
Jack Shafer placed more of the blame directly on Bragg,
not accepting the Pulitzer Prize winner's assertion
that the "poisonous atmosphere" made him do
it. For Shafer, it was more of an "elemental sense
of intellectual dishonesty" which reveals the deceitful
nature of drive-by-journalism. Claiming to have been
in Apalachicola, Florida to write up a detailed story
on oyster fisherman just isn't an honest journalistic
representation of things. The "everybody's doing
it" argument just doesn't hold up to scrutiny in
a post-Jayson Blair world anymore.
Bragg sumitted his resignation shortly after his two
week suspension from the Times, leaving behind
a scene of turmoil and ongoing re-examination of journalistic
practice.
References
End
Profile JOUR-2003-RB
|
...
...
________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Lloyd
Brown
|
|
| Profile: |
JOUR-2005-LB |
| Name:
|
|
War
on
Plagiarism
Threat Level: |
|
| Occupation: |
Formerly
a page
Editor for The Florida Times-Union; Speechwriter
for Florida Governor Jeb Bush
|
| Allegations: |
Plagiarism
of editorial content
|
| Results: |
Resigned
from The Florida Times-Union; Also resigned
his speechwriting post with Jeb Bush only a month
into his new job
|
| Known
for: |
A 42 year
career in journalism with The Florida Times-Union
|
| Overview: |
The
Ledger reported on January 24, 2005, that Lloyd
Brown had resigned his $80,000 per year speechwriter
post with Florida Governor Jeb Bush after damaging allegations
of plagiarism and pornography-addiction were publicized
by a former co-worker.
Apparently, after 42 years with The Florida Times-Union,
Brown was discovered to have lifted editorial content
for re-use in his own work for the Times-Union.
Coupled with the publicized pornography-addiction allegations,
the fact that Brown had left the Times-Union
after several incidents of plagiarism represented a
potential threat to the public image of his new boss.
So rather than stay on as a speechwriter with Governor
Bush, Brown submitted his resignation("A Speechwriter's
Exit Speech").
References
End
Profile JOUR-2005-LB
|
...
...
________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Fox
Butterfield
|
|
| Profile: |
JOUR-1991-FB |
| Name:
|
|
War
on
Plagiarism
Threat Level: |
|
| Occupation: |
At the time,
Butterfield was the Boston bureau chief for The
New York Times
|
| Allegations: |
Copied portions
of an article by Anthony Flint and Muriel Cohen while
writing up a story on the plagiarized commencement
address of Boston University's H.
Joachim Maitre
|
| Results: |
Suspended
for one week; kept on as Boston bureau chief for The
New York Times
|
| Known
for: |
Career journalism
|
| Overview: |
When
a bureau chief for The New York Times got caught
for plagiarizing in a story about another plagiarist
who got caught plagiarizing, he got sacked--for a week
anyhow. This was the pre-Jayson Blair
era in journalism.
For the New
York Times, and for many other journalistic enterprises,
time is now reckoned on the pre-J.B. and post-J.B calendar.
Journalists today are much more aware of the need for
journalistic integrity thanks to that salacious episode
in journalistic wrongdoing which disgraced the Times
back in 2002-03. Being more aware doesn't always
mean though that such integrity will happen automatically
after that.
Fox Butterfield lifted around 5-6 paragraphs of the
story in the Boston Globe by Anthony Flint
and Muriel Cohen ("BU dean used the words of another;
Source not given during speech"). Flint and Cohen
were breaking the story in the Globe on the
unacknowledged derivation in a commencement address
by H. Joachim Maitre,
Boston University's Dean of the College of Communication.
Butterfield's lifting wasn't entirely word-for-word
as he had switched things around a bit and employed
some skillful synonym substitution and minimal paraphrase.
This bit of plagiarism in a story about plagiarism got
Butterfield suspended for only a week, and the New
York Times happily kept him on.
Remember, this
was the pre-Jayson Blair era.
In the post-J.B. world of journalism, correspondents
and bureau chiefs are likely to be suspended for much
longer. Witness the case of Jonathan
P. Decker, suspended for 2 years
from contributing to The Christian Science Monitor
for a similar infraction--even a paragraph less at 4
total compared to Butterfield's 5-6!
In a post-J.B. world and the broader "War
on Plagiarism", pre-emptive strikes are being
effectively employed to counter the threat of textual
terror.
References
End
Profile JOUR-1991-FB
|
...
...
________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Ann
Coulter
|
|
| Profile: |
JOUR-2006-AC |
| Name:
|
|
War
on
Plagiarism
Threat Level: |
Yellow: Elevated Risk
|
| Occupation: |
Right wing
columnist, lawyer and book author
|
| Allegations: |
Cribbing
and plagiarism in syndicated newspaper columns as
well as her most recent book, Godless
|
| Results: |
Universal
Press Syndicate investigated the plagiarism allegations
and concluded that "minimal matching text is
not plagiarism" stating also that "Universal
Press Syndicate is confident in the ability of Ms.
Coulter, an attorney and frequent media target, to
know when to make attribution and when not to"
("Sorry harpies--syndicator sees no Coulter plagiarism",
Chicago Tribune); John Barrie of Turnitin.com
sees things differently--he claims to have found examples
of "textbook plagiarism" in Coulter's work
|
| Known
for: |
Right wing
commentary/punditry
|
| Overview: |
Hmmmm.
. . where to put this one? Politics?
Non-fiction? Journalism?
We'll write
up these allegations against Ann Coulter on the journalism
page given that the plagiarism accusations included
her syndicated columns as well as her Godless
book.
Credit the
bloggers once again for calling attention to possible
instances of plagiarism/fabrication in the media. Salacious
allegations of plagiarism against "Rush
Limbaugh in a mini-skirt" (as Coulter has been
referred to) had been circulating for several months
before a New York Post article on "Copycatty
Coulter Pilfers Prose: Pro".
As Philip Recchia
reports in that bastion of journalistic integrity, the
New York Post, chunks
of text in Coulter's articles/book seem to have been
lifted from sources including previously published newspaper
articles. The matching snippets of text were found using
the standard cheat detection software employed by Turnitin.com
to catch student plagiarists, and, indeed, Turnitin
CEO John Barrie described Coulter's alleged copying
as "textbook plagiarism".
Tabloid and
blogosphere origins of these allegations aside, coming
from John Barrie himself, the allegations of "textbook
plagiarism" would seem to be rather serious at
first glance. As Barrie notes in his consultation with
the NYPost, there are "misleading" citations
"used purely to try and give the book a higher
level of credibility-as if it's an academic work. But
her sloppiness in failing to properly attribute many
other passages strips it of nearly all its academic
merits."
In defense
of Coulter, it has been interesting to note that both
her critics and her syndicate (Universal Press) have
concluded that the allegations are not quite as serious
as the mortal enemies of the "leggy blonde pundit"
(Recchia, P. "Copycatty Coulter Pilfers Prose:
Pro") might have wished. For example, Aaron Barlow,
who describes himself as a "certified leftist",
writes that Coulter's plagiary seems to be of the sort
that
can happen
(almost) by accident--and certainly through carelessness.
That doesn't excuse it, but it should be seen in a
different light . . . The plagiarism of Ann Coulter
strikes me as the result of sloppiness and inattention
. . . The passages she plagiarized all seem to be
plebian . . . What happened to her is probably what
happened to Ambrose and Goodwin. All three likely
did what I do (or had underlings do it for them),
but sufficient care was not taken to keep the copied
prose from original writings . . . The failure is
not so much one of honesty but of care (Barlow, A.
"One
Flew East: Levels of Plagiarism").
While Barlow
and many others would certainly love to see "Rush
Limbaugh in a mini-skirt" exposed for a career-ending
plagiarism gaffe, "There are plenty of other reasons
for that [destroying her career]" (Barlow, A. "One
Flew East: Levels of Plagiarism").
After investigating
the alleged plagiary by Coulter ("Syndicate
Will Look Into Alleged Coulter Plagiarism On Its Own--And
Possibly With Electronic Tool" Editor and
Publisher), the Universal Press Syndicate dismissed
the charges and released a statement in support of their
best-selling author/commentator: "There are only
so many ways you can rewrite a fact and minimal matching
text is not plagiarism" ("Syndicator Dismisses
Coulter Plagiarism Charges." AP article carried
by Fox News)
Human Events'
Lisa De Pasquale also came to Coulter's defense in "Debunking
the Coulter Plagiarism Charges" (July 10, 2006).
To De Pasquale, the NYPost article comprised recycled
content from "nut websites", and she downplayed
the significance of "plagiarism expert" John
Barrie's "textbook plagiarism" allegations.
De Pasquale notes quite correctly that the NYPost's
Philip Recchia "gave no examples of passages that
were plagiarized by Ann Coulter so the reader could
compare them." It seems that iParidigms/Turnitin.com
is unwilling to just hand over the originality report
which they compiled on Coulter's book and syndicated
columns, a stance which De Pasquale sees as "suspicious".
However, it
would seem that a proprietary company specializing in
plagiarism detection is not obligated to provide a copy
of an "originality report" to any entity other
than the entity which paid iParidigms to create that
report, the NYPost in this case. Had the NYPost chosen
to print portions of this report, this would have greatly
added to the substance of the plagiarism allegations
against Coulter. John Barrie is certainly no lightweight
when it comes to plagiarism detection, and De Pasquale's
casual dismissal of Barrie, as exemplified in the quotation
marks around "plagiarism expert" (dual use
technology here for a quote and seemingly as a tool
to cast doubt on Barrie's claims to expertise), are
clever attempts at diversion. A smokescreen.
Threat
Level Analysis for this case subject to revision
depending upon further developments, further study if
and when aforesaid passages become available for inquisitive
critics of Coulter's composing strategies . . .
References
End
Profile JOUR-2006-AC
|
...
...
________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Jonathan
P. Decker
|
|
| Profile: |
JOUR-2005-JPD |
| Name:
|
|
War
on
Plagiarism
Threat Level: |
|
| Occupation: |
Free lance
journalist; Professor of Journalism in Howard University's
John H. Johnson's School of Communications
|
| Allegations: |
Alleged plagiarism
of an article by Greg Greenberg in the financial journal
TheStreet.com
|
| Results: |
Banned from
contributing to the Christian Science Monitor
for two years
|
| Known
for: |
Teaching
broadcast news courses at Howard University; Regular
contributor/consultant to PBS broadcast This Week
in Business
|
| Overview: |
As
reported by Brett Arends of The Boston Herald, an
instance of online cut-n-paste has resulted in a two
year ban for veteran journalist/professor/consultant
Jonathan P. Decker from contributing to The Christian
Science Monitor.
The article in question, "Can mutual funds that
hedge give you an edge?", was published in the
April 18 (2005) edition of the Monitor.
Shortly after publication, it was discovered
that there were similarities to an article published
in the financial journal TheStreet.com by Gregg
Greenberg.
Apparently, Decker admitted having cut-n-pasted from
Greenberg's article, and the editors of the Monitor
felt the journalistic infraction serious enough to institute
the two year ban on the veteran journalist and professor.
Decker's students speak very highly of him, having nothing
but praise for the vast experience which "help[s]
to mold tomorrow's future journalist." He has interviewed
a number of luminaries and historical figures, and he
is "the only full time White House Press Corp member
that is also a tenured journalism professor"(M.
Holmes).
Four lifted paragraphs was evidently all it took to
cast a shadow on an otherwise impeccable journalistic
pedigree.
References
End
Profile JOUR-2005-JPD
|
...
...
________________________________________________________________________________ |
| Stephen
H. Dunphy
|
|
| Profile: |
JOUR-2004-SHD/SEATTLE-TIMES |
| Name:
|
|
War
on
Plagiarism
Threat Level: |
| |
